{"id":25480,"date":"2023-02-21T18:33:02","date_gmt":"2023-02-21T18:33:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/notes.aayo.blog\/?p=25480"},"modified":"2023-07-31T16:53:07","modified_gmt":"2023-07-31T16:53:07","slug":"alcohols","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/notes.aayo.blog\/index.php\/2023\/02\/21\/alcohols\/","title":{"rendered":"ALCOHOLS"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unit – 10 : ALCOHOLS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Introduction <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hydroxy derivatives of aliphatic hydrocarbons are called aliphatic alcohols. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aliphatic alcohols are represented by R \u2013 OH. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Examples: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Classification of Alcohols: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On the basis of number of hydroxy (\u2212OH) group present in alcohol, they are classified into following types; <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Monohydric (Monohydroxy) alcohols: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alcohols containing only one \u2013 OH group per molecule. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Monohydric alcohols are further classified into primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols according to the type of carbon in which the \u2013 OH group is attached. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) <\/strong>Primary (1<\/strong>o<\/sup><\/strong>) alcohols: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alcohols in which the \u2013 OH group is attached to a primary carbon atom. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2. Dihydric (Dihydroxy) alcohols: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alcohols containing two \u2013 OH group per molecule. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

3. Trihydric (Trihydroxy) alcohols: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alcohols containing three \u2013 OH group per molecule. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

4. Polyhydric (Polyhydroxy) alcohols: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alcohols containing more than three \u2013 OH group per molecule. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

NOTE: <\/strong>It may be noted that more than one \u2013 OH group cannot be present on the same carbon atom. In such case, compound will be highly unstable and will easily loses water molecule. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

If two \u2013 OH groups are present on the same carbon atom, the molecule loses water molecule and converted into carbonyl compound (aldehyde or ketone)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

If three \u2013 OH groups are present on the same carbon atom, the molecule loses water molecule and converted into carboxylic acid. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nomenclature: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IUPAC Name: Alk + an + ol Common Name: Alk + yl + alcohol <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S.N. <\/strong><\/td>Formula <\/strong><\/td>IUPAC Name <\/strong><\/td>Common Name<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
1. <\/td>CH3 <\/sub>\u2013 OH <\/td>Methanol <\/td>Methyl alcohol<\/td><\/tr>
2. <\/td>CH3 <\/sub>\u2013 CH2 <\/sub>\u2013 OH <\/td>Ethanol <\/td>Ethyl alcohol<\/td><\/tr>
3. 4.<\/td>CH3 <\/sub>\u2013 CH2 <\/sub>\u2013 CH2 <\/sub>\u2013 OH CH3 <\/sub>\u2013 CH \u2013 OH | CH3<\/td>Propanol Propan -2-ol<\/td>n-propyl alcohol iso-propyl alcohol<\/td><\/tr>
5. 6. 7. 8. <\/td>CH3 <\/sub>\u2013 CH2 <\/sub>\u2013 CH2 <\/sub>\u2013 CH2 <\/sub>\u2013 OH CH3 <\/sub>\u2013 CH \u2013 CH2 <\/sub>\u2013 OH | CH3 CH3 <\/sub>\u2013 CH2 <\/sub>\u2013 CH \u2013 OH | CH3 CH3 | CH3 <\/sub>\u2013 C \u2013 OH | CH3<\/td>Butanol 2-methyl propanol Butan-2-ol 2-methylpropan-2-ol <\/td>n-butyl alcohol iso-butyl alcohol sec-butyl alcohol tert-butyl alcohol<\/td><\/tr>
9.<\/td>CH2 <\/sub>\u2013 OH | CH2 <\/sub>– OH<\/td>Ethane-1,2-diol <\/td>Glycol<\/td><\/tr>
10.<\/td>CH2 <\/sub>\u2013 OH | CH \u2013 OH | CH2 <\/sub>– OH<\/td>Propane-1,2,3-triol <\/td>Glycerol<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Isomerism in alcohols: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alcohols exhibit following three types of structural isomerism. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Chain isomerism: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Isomers differ in the length of the carbon chain. Alcohols containing four or more carbon atoms exhibitchain isomerism. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chain isomers of C4<\/sub>H10<\/sub>O are, <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2. <\/strong>Position isomerism: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Isomers differ in the position of \u2013 OH group in the carbon chain. Alcohols containing three or more carbon  atoms exhibit position isomerism. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Position isomers of C3<\/sub>H8<\/sub>O are, <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

3. Functional isomerism: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Isomers differ in the functional group. Alcohols containing two or more carbon atoms exhibit functional isomer. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Functional isomers of C2<\/sub>H6<\/sub>O are, <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Distinction of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary alcohols by Victor Meyer Method:<\/strong> <\/strong>Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols can be distinguished by Victor Meyer\u2019s method. This method involves the following steps, <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Step 1<\/strong>: The given alcohols are treated with red phosphorous and iodine (Red P4 <\/sub>+ I2<\/sub>), which converts alcohols into respective iodoalkanes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Step 2<\/strong>: The iodoalkanes are treated with silver nitrite (AgNO2), which converts iodoalkanes into respective nitroalkanes. Step 3<\/strong>: The nitroalkanes are treated with nitrous acid, HNO2 (NaNO2 + dil.HCl) which forms respective compounds. Step 4<\/strong>: Finally, aqueous NaOH or KOH is added to the resulting solution then different color are formed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

If the color is blood red, the given alcohol is primary alcohol. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

If the color is blue, the given alcohol is secondary alcohol. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

If it is colorless, the given alcohol is tertiary alcohol. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reactions involved in Victor Meyer\u2019s method. <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

  <\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/strong>Where R = CH3<\/sub>– or CH3<\/sub>CH2<\/sub>– etc..<\/p>\n\n\n\n

General Methods of Preparation of Monohydric Alcohols:<\/strong> <\/strong>1. <\/strong>From Primary amines:<\/strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/strong>2. <\/strong>From haloalkanes:<\/strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

3. <\/strong>By hydrolysis of esters:<\/strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) Hydrolysis in acidic medium:<\/strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

4. <\/strong>From Grignard reagents:<\/strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grignard reagent (RMgX) forms addition product with aldehyde or ketone. The addition compound on acidic hydrolysis gives corresponding alcohol. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Industrial Method of Preparation of Alcohol:<\/strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. <\/strong>By Oxo process:<\/strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alkene reacts with water gas (CO + H2) in presence of dicobalt octacarbonyl, [Co(CO)4<\/sub>]2 <\/sub>as a catalyst under high temperature and pressure to give aldehyde (having one carbon atom greater than alkene),  which on catalytic hydrogenation gives primary alcohol. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

i.e. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2. <\/strong>By Hydroboration-Oxidation of alkenes:<\/strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alkene reacts with diborane to give trialkyl boron, which on oxidation with alkaline hydrogen peroxide gives alcohol. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

3. <\/strong>By Fermentation:<\/strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The process of decomposition of complex organic compounds into simpler molecules in presence of  enzyme secreted by microorganism like yeast is called fermentation.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fermentation process is widely used to manufacture ethyl alcohol from carbohydrates. Preparation of ethyl alcohol from sugar (Sucrose) <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Preparation of ethyl alcohol from starch: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Some Terminology<\/strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Absolute alcohol: <\/strong>100% pure ethyl alcohol <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rectified spirit: <\/strong>95% ethyl alcohol <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Denatured alcohol (Methylated spirit): <\/strong>Ethyl alcohol containing poisonous substance likes methyl alcohol, acetone, pyridine etc. which is unfit for drinking is called denatured alcohol. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wood spirit: <\/strong>Methyl alcohol is called wood spirit. It is poisonous and colorless. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Power alcohol: <\/strong>Mixture of 80% petrol & 20% absolute alcohol is called power alcohol. It is used as fuel. Alcoholic Beverage: <\/strong>Liquors use for drinking purposes and contain ethyl alcohol as a principal intoxicating agent are  called alcoholic beverages. These are two types; Undistilled and distilled. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Physical Properties of Monohydric alcohols<\/strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) Physical Character <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

State: <\/strong>Lower members up to C11 <\/sub>are liquid and higher member above C11 <\/sub>are solid <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Color: <\/strong>Colorless <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Odor: <\/strong>Lower members up to C11 <\/sub>have characteristic alcoholic smell and higher member above C11 <\/sub>are odorless. 1.<\/strong>Solubility: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lower members of alcohols are soluble in water due to the formation of intermolecular H-bond with water molecule. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Intermolecular H-bond between alcohol and water molecules <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Higher alcohols i.e. alcohols with larger alkyl groups are less or insoluble due to increase non-polar water repelling nature of alkyl groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.<\/strong>Boiling point: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alcohols have higher boiling point than alkane, haloalkane & isomeric ether because alcohol can form intermolecularH bonds with each other whereas alkane, haloalkane and ether cannot. 
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Intermolecular H- bond between alcohol moelcules <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In isomeric alcohol, boiling point decreases with increasing branching. Branching decreases the surface area, which decreases Van der Waal\u2019s force of attraction. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Boiling point decrease Within homologous series, boiling point increases with increase in molecular mass. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Chemical properties of Monohydric alcohols:<\/strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alcohols are quite reactive than haloalkane because the alcohols has two reactive (polar) covalent bonds, the C\u2013O bond and the O\u2013H bond. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The electronegativity of oxygen is substantially greater than that of carbon and hydrogen. Consequently, the  covalent bonds of this functional group are polarized so that oxygen is electron rich (nucleophilic) and both  carbon and hydrogen are electron deficient (electrophilic). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most reactive site in an alcohol molecule is the hydroxyl group, despite the fact that the O\u2013H bond  strength is significantly greater than that of the C\u2013C, C\u2013H and C\u2013O bonds. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1) Reaction with halogen acids (HX) (Basic nature of alcohol) <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

i) Reaction with HI: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

HI reacts with 1o<\/sup>, 2o<\/sup>and 3o<\/sup>alcohols without any catalyst.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

ii) Reaction with HBr: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

HBr reacts with 1\u00b0 alcohols in presence of Conc.H2<\/sub>SO4 <\/sub>as catalyst but it reacts with 2\u00b0 and 3\u00b0 alcohols  without any catalyst. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

iii) <\/strong>Reaction with HCl: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

HCl reacts with 1\u00b0and 2\u00b0 alcohols in presence of Conc.H2<\/sub>SO4 <\/sub>or anhydrous ZnCl2 <\/sub>as catalyst but it reacts  with 3\u00b0 alcohols without any catalyst.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2) <\/strong>Reaction with Phosphorous halides: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Note<\/strong>: PBr3 <\/sub>and PI3 <\/sub>are unstable so they are prepared in situ by the reaction of Br2 <\/sub>or I2 <\/sub>with red phosphorous. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

3) <\/strong>Reaction with Thionyl chloride (SOCl<\/strong>2<\/sub><\/strong>): <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

4) <\/strong>Oxidation of alcohol: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alcohols are oxidized by acidified K2<\/sub>Cr2<\/sub>O7 <\/sub>or Na2<\/sub>Cr2<\/sub>O7 <\/sub>or acidified \/ alkaline KMnO4 <\/sub>solution i.e. (K2<\/sub>Cr2<\/sub>O7 <\/sub>\/  H+<\/sup>, Na2<\/sub>Cr2<\/sub>O7 <\/sub>\/ H+ <\/sup>or KMnO4 <\/sub>\/ H+<\/sup>, KMnO4 <\/sub><\/s>\/ OH\u2212<\/sup>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

i) Primary alcohols are easily oxidized first into aldehyde & finally into carboxylic acid. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

ii) Secondary alcohol is easily oxidized into ketones. But, ketone does not oxidized under normal condition. However, under drastic condition (i.e. high temperature and high pressure) ketones are oxidized into carboxylic acid (having one carbon less than ketone). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

iii) Tertiary alcohol doesnot undergo oxidation under normal condition. However, under drastic condition tertiary alcohol first dehydrate into alkene which further oxidized into ketone and finally into carboxylic acid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

5) <\/strong>Esterification reaction:<\/strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

When alcohol is heated with carboxylic acid in presence of little Conc. H2<\/sub>SO4 <\/sub>as a catalyst, gives ester. This reaction is called Esterification reaction<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u27a2 Esters have fruity smell, easily detectable so this reaction can be used to test the presence of alcohol and  carboxylic acid. (Esterification test)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

6) Reaction with active metals (Acidic Nature of alcohol) <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Active metals: Alkali metals (more electropositive metals) Li, Na, K <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reactivity of active metals Li < Na < K <\/p>\n\n\n\n

CH3 <\/sub>CH2 <\/sub>OH + Na CH3 <\/sub>CH2 <\/sub>ONa + 1\/2 H2 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ethanol Sodium ethoxide <\/p>\n\n\n\n

CH3 <\/sub>CH2 <\/sub>OH + K CH3 <\/sub>CH2 <\/sub>OK + 1\/2 H2 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ethanol Potassium ethoxide <\/p>\n\n\n\n

CH3 <\/sub>CH2 <\/sub>OH + Li CH3 <\/sub>CH2 <\/sub>OLi + 1\/2 H2 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ethanol Lithium ethoxide <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alcohols are weaker acid because of the presence of polar O\u2500H bond. This polarity in O\u2500H bond  arises due to electronegativity difference between the oxygen and hydrogen which allows the separation of H as H+ ion. Since,H+ ion is the measure of acidity of compound as PH <\/sup>= -log [H+<\/sup>]. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comparison of acidic strength of alcohol and water: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Both alcohol and water contain polar O \u2013 H group and ionizes in aqueous solution to give H+<\/sup>ion. H \u2013 O \u2013 H \u2194 HO – <\/sup>+ H+<\/sup> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

R \u2013 O \u2013 H \u2194 RO – <\/sup>+ H+<\/sup> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alcohols are weaker acid than water because of the presence of electron releasing alkyl group (R),  which shows +I effect that increase the electron density in oxygen atom. As a result polarity of O\u2500H bond decreases. Thus, O \u2013 H bond of alcohol becomes stronger & release of H as H+ <\/sup>becomes difficult. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comparison of acidic strength of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As the number of electron releasing alkyl groups (+I groups) increases from primary to tertiary, acidity decreases. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

For example: <\/strong>1o<\/sup>alcohol > 2o<\/sup>alcohol > 3o<\/sup>alcohol <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Propan-1-ol > Propan-2-ol > 2-methylpropan-2-ol <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Litmus test: <\/strong>Alcohol turns blue litmus faintly red. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

7) <\/strong>Dehydration reaction of alcohols<\/strong>: (Removal of water molecule) <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alcohol can be dehydrated when heated with dehydrating agents like conc. H2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Product formed (either Alkene or Ether) will depend on the temperature & concentration of alcohol, H2<\/sub>SO4  used in the reaction. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

i) When excess alcohol is heated with conc.H2<\/sub>SO4 <\/sub>at 140\u00b0C, ether <\/strong>is formed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

ii) When alcohol is heated with excess conc.H2<\/sub>SO4 <\/sub>at 170\u00b0C, alkene <\/strong>is formed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

8) <\/strong>Catalytic dehydrogenation<\/strong>: (Removal of hydrogen) <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

i) Primary alcohols are dehydrogenated into aldehydes <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

ii) Secondary alcohols are dehydrogenated into ketones <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

iii) Tertiary alcohols are dehydrated into alkenes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Lab test of Ethyl alcohol (Ethanol):<\/strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1) IODOFORM TEST: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2) ESTERIFICATION TEST: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ethyl alcohol reacts with ethanoic acid in presence of Conc. H2<\/sub>SO4 <\/sub>to form ethylethanoate (Ester)  which gives fruity smell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Here, We have Posted ALCOHOLS Notes<\/p>\n\n\nAlcohols-final-note-2078.pdf<\/a>\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Unit – 10 : ALCOHOLS Introduction  Hydroxy derivatives of aliphatic hydrocarbons are called aliphatic alcohols.  Aliphatic alcohols are represented by R \u2013 OH.  Examples:  Classification of Alcohols:  On the basis of number of hydroxy (\u2212OH) group present in alcohol, they are classified into following types;  1. Monohydric (Monohydroxy) alcohols:  Alcohols containing only one \u2013 OH […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":26017,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-25480","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\nClass 12 Alcohols Notes - Nepal [NEB]<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Here, we have posted notes of Alcohols Grade 12 NEB . 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Monohydric (Monohydroxy) alcohols:  Alcohols containing only one \u2013 OH…","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/notes.aayo.blog\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25480"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/notes.aayo.blog\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/notes.aayo.blog\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/notes.aayo.blog\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/notes.aayo.blog\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25480"}],"version-history":[{"count":23,"href":"https:\/\/notes.aayo.blog\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25480\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":26018,"href":"https:\/\/notes.aayo.blog\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25480\/revisions\/26018"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/notes.aayo.blog\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26017"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/notes.aayo.blog\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25480"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/notes.aayo.blog\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25480"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/notes.aayo.blog\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25480"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}